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Abstract

Cov kab lus no tau tshuaj xyuas cov kev faib tawm thiab kev siv cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov koob txhaj tshuaj subcutaneous thoob plaws ntau qhov chaw kho mob, nthuav tawm qhov sib txawv rau kev sib cais tshwj xeeb hauv cov koob tshwj xeeb, qhov ntev, thiab cov qauv tsim raws li kev sib txawv ntawm kev tswj hwm, cov neeg mob, thiab cov khoom siv tshuaj, qhia txog lawv lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov tshuaj precision.

Cov ntawv tseem ceeb

Cov koob txhaj tshuaj subcutaneous yog ib qho ntawm feem ntaukhoom siv kho mob,tsis tau lawv daim ntawv thov yog deb ntawm uniform. Hauv kev xyaum kho mob, "txhaj tshuaj" yog cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb, nrog cov kev xaiv sib txawv ntawm cov koob sib txawv ntawm cov hom phiaj kho mob sib txawv, tsim ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb thiab ua kom zoo.

Raws li kev txhaj tshuaj qhov tob thiab lub hom phiaj cov ntaub so ntswg, lawv feem ntau tau muab faib ua pawg hauv qab no, txhua qhov muaj qhov txawv txav rau cov koob:

Intradermal txhaj tshuaj:Feem ntau siv rau kev kuaj tawv nqaij penicillin thiab kuaj tuberculin, txoj kev no suav nrog kev txhaj tshuaj me me ntawm cov epidermis thiab dermis. Yog li ntawd, cov koob luv luv thiab zoo heev (feem ntau yog 26-27G, ntev li ntawm 10-16 mm) yog siv, nrog rau lub kaum sab xis (kwv yees li 5-15 degrees), tsim kom muaj qhov sib txawv "wheal" ntawm daim tawv nqaij.

Kev txhaj tshuaj subcutaneous:Feem ntau siv rau kev tswj hwm cov tshuaj insulin, heparin, qee yam tshuaj tiv thaiv (xws li tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob qhua pias), thiab qee cov tshuaj lom neeg (xws li kev loj hlob hormone). Cov tshuaj yog txhaj rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg subcutaneous rog, qhov uas nqus tau qeeb thiab sib xws. Cov koob ntev feem ntau yog li ntawm 4 hli txog 12.7 hli (hauv xyoo tas los no, luv dua 4 hli thiab 5 hli ultra- cov koob luv tau nrov vim lawv txoj kev nyab xeeb), thiab lawv kuj zoo (31–34G). Kev xaiv koob yuav tsum xav txog tus neeg mob lub cev hom (thickness ntawm rog txheej); Cov neeg mob rog rog yuav xav tau koob ntev me ntsis, thaum cov menyuam yaus thiab cov neeg rog rog xav tau cov luv luv kom tsis txhob muaj kev txhaj tshuaj intramuscular.

Intramuscular txhaj tshuaj:Tsim nyog rau cov tshuaj uas yuav tsum tau nqus sai, cov uas khaus lossis roj-raws li (xws li tshuaj tua kab mob, tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab tshuaj sedatives). Cov chaw txhaj tshuaj muaj xws li gluteus maximus, vastus lateralis leeg, lossis cov leeg deltoid. Cov koob txhaj tshuaj intramuscular ntev (25-38 mm) thiab tuab (20-23G) kom ntseeg tau tias cov tshuaj nkag mus rau cov rog txheej thiab ncav cuag cov leeg kom raug. Lub koob ncej yuav tsum muaj zog kom tiv taus qhov ntom ntom ntawm cov leeg nqaij.

Venipuncture thiab txhaj tshuaj intravenous:Xws li kev sau ntshav thiab IV infusion. Pawg no muaj ntau hom kev xav tau rau cov koob hom. Cov koob ntim ntshav feem ntau yog tuab dua (21–22G) kom tso cov ntshav ntws mus rau hauv cov hlab ntsha zoo. Cov ntaub ntawv catheter rau peripheral IVs yog softer (feem ntau yog ua los ntawm Teflon los yog polyurethane) kom pab tau ntev -lub sij hawm nyob. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, kev nyab xeeb kab npauj npaim koob- muaj cov kab txuas txuas ntxiv thiab cov tis tiv thaiv kom ruaj ntseg qhov chaw- tau dhau los siv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov menyuam yaus, cov neeg laus, thiab cov neeg mob uas muaj cov hlab ntsha tsis zoo.

Tsis tas li ntawd, koob yog tsim tshwj xeeb rau cov tshuaj tshwj xeeb. Piv txwv li, ultra- rab koob du (nrog tshwj xeeb kho cov kab uas hla) yuav tsum tau txhaj tshuaj lom neeg muaj kuab heev xws li qee cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob monoclonal; Thaum muab cov tshuaj tshem tawm, cov koob tuab me ntsis tuaj yeem siv los tiv thaiv kev txhaws ntawm rab koob.

Tshwj xeeb kuj tseem cuam tshuam rau hauv cov neeg tuaj saib segmentation. Cov koob menyuam yaus luv luv thiab zoo dua, feem ntau muaj cov xim ci ntsa iab los txo cov menyuam kev ntshai. Insulin cwj mem koob rau cov neeg mob ntshav qab zib hom phiaj rau qhov kawg "mob-dawb" kev paub, suav nrog ntau yam thev naus laus zis xws li "ultra- cov phab ntsa nyias," "tsib- cov lus qhia lub ntsej muag," thiab "lubricated coatings" kom ua tiav txoj kab uas hla ntawm 34G (0.18mm) thiab lub neej luv luv ntawm 4 hli. yuav tsum tau txhaj tshuaj txhua hnub.

Xaus

Los ntawm cov tawv nqaij me me ntawm kev kuaj tawv nqaij mus rau qhov pib sai sai ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj intramuscular, thiab los ntawm lub neej -txoj kev ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj intravenous mus rau subcutaneous txhaj tshuaj, cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb, qhov ntev, thiab cov qauv ntawm cov koob subcutaneous yog ze rau lawv lub luag haujlwm kho mob. Qhov tshwj xeeb segmentation no qhia txog kev ua raws li qhov tseeb thiab tib neeg- kev saib xyuas nyob rau hauv cov chaw kho mob niaj hnub no raws li nws tau nce los ntawm "kev kho mob" mus rau "tus kheej, kev kho mob."